Abstract

Abstract: The text addresses various fundamental topics related to amparo proceedings in Mexico, beginning with constitutional theory, which explains the origin, evolution, and function of the Constitution as the supreme law that organizes power and protects rights. A distinction is made between constitutional theory (a conceptual approach) and constitutionalism (a political movement that puts those principles into practice). It analyzes forms of government and the historical evolution of the state, highlighting the influence of ancient Greece, the development of modern constitutions, and the progressive incorporation of human rights. Subsequently, it explains the parties to the amparo proceeding—the petitioner, the responsible authority, interested third parties, and the Public Prosecutor’s Office—detailing their roles and participation in the process. The document also discusses direct amparo, noting that it may be filed against final judgments or rulings that conclude a trial, provided that ordinary remedies have been exhausted. It describes its principles, procedure, and jurisdiction, which fall primarily under the purview of the Collegiate Circuit Courts and, in certain cases, the Supreme Court. Finally, the document analyzes the role of the Federal Judiciary, its structure, functions, and its relationship with the amparo proceeding as an essential means for the protection of the constitutional order and human rights.